22 Mar 2020

성숙 모유, 이행성(변이) 모유, 초유, 우유의 성분 비교 표, Composition of mature breast milk, transitional breast milk, colostrum and cow’s milk

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성숙 모유, 이행성(변이) 모유, 초유, 우유의 성분 비교 표, Composition of mature breast milk, transitional breast milk, colostrum and cow’s milk

 

모유, 초유, 우유

 

 

성분

 모유 우유
분만 후 15일부터 15개월 동안 분비되는

성숙 모유

 분만 후 6일에서 10일 동안 분비되는

이행성 모유

 분만 후 첫 5일 동안에 분비되는

초유
평균 시험범위 평균 시험범위 평균 시험범위 평균 시험범위
칼로리 (kcal/liter)
747 446-1192 735 678-830 671 588-730 701 587-876
mJ/liter 3.127 1.867-4.989 3.076 2.838-3.474 2.808 2.461-3.055 2.934 2.457-3.666
비중 1.031 1.026-1.037 1.035 1.034-1.036 1.034 – 1.031 1.028-1.033
수소 이온 농도 지수 7.01 6.4-7.6 – – – – 6.6 –
고형질, 총 (g/liter) 129 103-175 133 105-156 128 100-167 124 119-142
회분, 총 (g/liter) 2.02 1.6-2.66 2.67 2.31-3.38 3.08 2.47-3.50 7.15 6.81-7.71
미네랄 (g/liter) – – – – – – – –
양성전자원소 (㎎/liter) 41 – 55 – 68 – 149 0.390-0.139
소듐 (g/liter) 0.172 0.064-0.436 0.294 0.192-0.539 0.501 0.265-1.37 0.768 0.392-0.139
0.189 0.080-0.350 0.536 0.170-1.21 0.956 0.330-2.24 – –
포타슘 (g/liter) 0.512 0.373-0.635 0.636 0.528-0.769 0.745 0.658-0.870 1.43 0.38-2.87
0.553 0.425-0.735 0.692 0.450-0.910 0.581 0.220-0.790 – –
칼슘 (g/liter) 0.344 0.173-0.609 0.464 0.23-0.628 0.481 0.242-0.656 1.37 0.56-3.81
0.271 0.207-0.372 0.320 0.166-0.420 0.261 0.180-0.364 – –
마그네슘 (g/liter) 0.035 0.018-0.057 0.035 0.026-0.054 0.042 0.031-0.082 0.13 0.07-0.22
음성전자원소 (㎎/liter) 28 – 37 – 40 – 108 –
인 (g/liter) 0.141 0.068-0.268 0.198 0.097-0.317 0.157 0.085-0.251 0.91 0.56-1.12
황 (g/liter) 0.14 0.05-0.30 0.20 0.15-0.23 0.23 0.20-0.26 0.30 0.24-0.36
염소 (g/liter) 0.375 0.088-0.734 0.457 0.305-0.721 0.586 0.435-1.01 1.08 0.93-1.41
과양성 원소 (㎎/liter) 13 – 18 – 28 – 41 –
극소물질
코발트 (㎎/liter) 극소 – – – – – 0.6 –
철 (㎎/liter) 0.50 0.20-0.80 0.59 0.29-1.45 1.0 – 0.45 0.25-0.75
동 (㎎/liter) 0.51 – 1.04 – 1.34 – 0.102 –
망간 (㎎/liter) 극소 – 극소 – 극소 – 0.02 0.005-0.0067
아연 (㎎/liter) 1.18 0.17-3.02 3.82 0.39-5.88 5.59 0.72-9.81 3.9 1.7-6.6
불소 (㎎/liter) 0.107 0.0-0.24 – – 0.131 0.0-0.35 – 0.10-0.28
옥소 (㎎/liter) 0.061 0.044-0.093 – – – 0.045-0.450 0.116 0.036-1.05
셀레늄 (㎎/liter) 0.021 – – – – – 0.04 0.005-0.067
단백질 (g/liter)
총 10.6 7.3-20 15.9 12.7-18.9 22.9 14.6-68.0 32.46 28.16-36.76

소스와 참조 문헌: Nelson textbook, 15 Edition p.121,

Pediatric nutrition handbook, American Academy of pediatric, p.354

그 외

모유, 초유 우유

 

 

성분

 모유   우유
분만 후 15일부터 15개월 동안 분비되는 성숙 모유 분만 후 6일에서 10일 동안 분비되는 이행성 모유 분만 후 첫 5일 동안에 분비되는 초유
성분 평균 시험범위 평균 시험범위 평균 시험범위 평균 시험범위
탄수화물
유당
직접추정 (g/liter) 71 49-95 64 61-67 57 11-79 47 49-50
차이 68 50-92 64 60-68 – – – –
과당 (g/liter) 1.3 – – – – – – –
글루코사민 (g/liter) – 0.7-0.8 – – – 1.4-4.3 0 –
갈락토사민 (g/liter) – 0.0-0.4 – – – 0.04-0.7 0 –
이노시톨 (g/liter) 0.45 0.39-0.56

–

 – – – 0.08 0.06-0.12
구연산 (g/liter) – 0.35-1.25 – – – – 2.54 2.15-2.9
지방, 총 (g/liter) 45.4 13.4-82.9 35.2 27.3-51.8 29.5 24.7-31.8 38.0 34.0-61.0
콜레스테롤 (㎎/liter) 139 88-202 241 126-320 280 180-345 110 70-170
자유콜레스테롤 (총양의 %) 76.1 – 76.5 – 79.5 – – 90-95
인 지질 (㎎/liter) 10.5 7-14 15.5 11-20 12 6-17 – 53-70
비타민
비타민A (㎎/liter) 0.61 0.15-2.26 0.88 0.58-1.83 1.61 0.75-3.05 0.27 0.17-0.38
캐토틴 (㎎/liter) 0.25 0.02-0.77 0.38 0.23-0.63 1.37 0.41-3.85 0.37 0.12-0.79
비타민 D (IU/liter) – 4-100 – – – – – 5.40
토코페롤 (㎎/liter) 2.4 1.0-4.8 8.9 4.0-18.5 14.8 2.8-30.0 0.6 0.2-1.0
지아민 (㎎/liter) 0.142 0.081-0.227 0.059 0.023-0.105 0.019 0.009-0.034 0.43 0.28-0.900
리보플라빈 (㎎/liter) 0.373 0.198-0.790 0.369 0.275-0.490 0.302 0.120-0.453 1.56 1.16-2.02
비타민 B6 (㎎/liter) 0.18 0.10-0.22 – – – – 0.51 0.40-0.63
니코틴 산 (㎎/liter) 1.83 0.66-3.30 1.75 0.60-3.60 0.75 0.50-14.5 0.74 0.50-0.86
비타민 B₁₂ (㎍/liter) – 극소량 0.36 0.03-0.70 0.45 0.10-1.5 6.6 3.2-12.4
엽산 (IU/liter)
(a) 1.4 0.9-1.8 0.2 0.15-0.25 0.5 0.10-1.5 1.3 0.2-4.0
(b) 24.0 7.4-61.0 – – – – 37.7 16.8-63.2
(c) 7.3 2.3-17.6 – – – – 12.6 2.8-43.6
바이오틴 (IU/liter) 2 1-3 – – – – 22 14-29
펜토테닉산 2.46 0.86-5.84 2.88 1.35-4.12 1.83 0.29-3.02 3.4 2.2-5.5
비타민 C 52 0-112 71 45-90 72 47-104 11 3-23

소스: From George DR, De Francesca BA.Human milk in comparison to cow milk.in: Lebenthal Ed. Textbook of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Infancy and Childhood. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1989:242-243

모유 초유 우유

 

 

성분

 모유 우유
분만 후 15일부터 15개월 동안 분비되는 성숙 모유 분만 후 6일에서 10일 동안 분비되는 이행성 모유 분만 후 첫 5일 동안에 분비되는 초유
평균 시험범위 평균 시험범위 평균 시험범위 평균 시험범위
카세인 3.7 1.4-6.8 5.1 4.2-5.9 21 7.3-52 24.9 21.9-28.0
유장단백질 7 4-10 – – – – 7 6-10
유알부민 3.6 1.4-6.0 7.8 6.9-8.6 – – 2.4 1.4-3.3
유글로블린 – – 5.0 2.1-13.6 35 4.2-133 1.7 0.7-3.7
혈청앨부민 0.32 0.20-0.47 0.37 0.26-0.65 2.5 – 0.4 –
혈청면역글로부민 0.09 0.02-0.27 0.36 0.01-0.96 1.0 – 0.8 –
아미노산 (g/liter)
총 12.8 9.0-16.0 9.4 6.0-10.0 12.0 7.0-40.0 33.0 27.0-41.0
알라닌 – 0.36-0.42 – – – – 0.75 –
아르지닌 0.43 0.28-0.64 0.63 0.48-0.73 0.74 0.62-0.96 1.4 1.2-1.6
아스파틱산 – 0.89-0.98 – – – – 1.7 –
시스틴 – 0.23-0.25 – – – – – –
글루탐산 – 1.89-2.00 – – – – 6.8 –
글라이신 – 0.23-0.24 – – – – 0.11 –
히스티딘 0.24 0.12-0.30 0.38 0.29-0.45 0.41 0.35-0.46 1.2 1.1-1.3
이소류신 0.61 0.41-0.92 0.97 0.73-1.21 1.01 0.88-1.15 2.5 2.1-2.9
류신 0.97 0.65-1.47 1.51 1.13-1.97 1.66 1.33-2.14 3.6 3.2-3.9
리신 0.70 0.36-0.93 1.13 0.88-1.48 1.18 0.95-1.41 2.6 2.3-3.1
메티소닌 1.12 0.07-0.16 0.24 0.16-0.34 0.25 0.19-0.36 0.8 0.6-0.9
페닐알라인 0.40 0.24-0.58 0.62 0.48-0.71 0.70 0.60-0.84 1.8 1.5-2.2
프롤린 – 0.84-0.94 – – – – 2.5 –
세린 – 0.47-0.51 – – – – 1.6 –
트리오닌 0.52 0.30-0.66 0.78 0.61-0.91 0.85 0.75-1.04 1.7 1.3-2.2
트림토판 0.19 0.14-0.26 0.28 0.23-0.32 0.32 0.25-0.42 0.6 0.4-0.8
티로신 – 0.46-0.52 – – – – – –
발린 0.73 0.45-1.14 1.05 0.77-1.36 1.17 0.98-1.49 2.6 2.4-2.8
비단백 요소 (mg/liter)
총 324 173-604 479 425-533 910 510-1270 252 181-323
요소-N 180 127-235 111 – – – 132.7 61.3-204
요산-N 22 13-41 – – – – 24.1 11.3-36.9
크레아티닌-N 11 8-19 – – – – 7.05 1.9-12.2
크레아틴-N 11 2-41 – – – – 40.35 24.5-56.2
아미노산-N 50 28-113 44 – – 40-120 6.8 1.7-11.9
콜린-N 10.3 6.2-16.8 – – – – 12 5-19
효소 (mg/liter)
라이조잠 390 30-3000 – – 460 90-1020 0.13 0.00-2.6

소스: From George DR, De Francesca BA.Human milk in comparison to cow milk.in: Lebenthal Ed. Textbook of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Infancy and Childhood. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1989:242-243

  • 각종 병원체나 항원에 의해 침입 당했을 때 병원체나 항원과 싸워 감염병이나 알레르기 질병 등이 생기지 않게 하는 역할을 하는 백혈구, 거대세포, 항체 등이 모유 속에 들어 있다.

Table Composition of mature breast milk, transitional breast milk, colostrum and cow’s milk 표 성숙 모유,  이행성(변이) 모유, 초유, 우유의 성분 비교표 

Breast milk,

colostrum milk

 

 

ingredient

 Breast milk Cow’s milk
Mature Breast milk Secreted from the 15th to 15 months after delivery  

Transitional breast milk Secreted for 6 to 10 days after delivery

 Colostrum Secreted during the first 5 days after delivery

 
Average test range Average test range Average test range Average test range
 (kcal/liter)
747 446-1192 735 678-830 671 588-730 701 587-876
ml/liter 3.127 1.867-4.989 3.076 2.838-3.474 2.808 2.461-3.055 2.934 2.457-3.666
Specific gravity 1.031 1.026-1.037 1.035 1.034-1.036 1.034 – 1.031 1.028-1.033
Hydrogen ion concentration index 7.01 6.4-7.6 – – – – 6.6 –
Solid quality, total (g/liter) 129 103-175 133 105-156 128 100-167 124 119-142
Ash, Total (g/liter) 2.02 1.6-2.66 2.67 2.31-3.38 3.08 2.47-3.50 7.15 6.81-7.71
Mineral (g/liter) – – – – – – – –
Positive electron element (㎎/liter) 41 – 55 – 68 – 149 0.390-0.139
Sodium (g/liter) 0.172 0.064-0.436 0.294 0.192-0.539 0.501 0.265-1.37 0.768 0.392-0.139
0.189 0.080-0.350 0.536 0.170-1.21 0.956 0.330-2.24 – –
Potassium (g/liter) 0.512 0.373-0.635 0.636 0.528-0.769 0.745 0.658-0.870 1.43 0.38-2.87
0.553 0.425-0.735 0.692 0.450-0.910 0.581 0.220-0.790 – –
Calcium (g/liter) 0.344 0.173-0.609 0.464 0.23-0.628 0.481 0.242-0.656 1.37 0.56-3.81
0.271 0.207-0.372 0.320 0.166-0.420 0.261 0.180-0.364 – –
Magnesium (g/liter) 0.035 0.018-0.057 0.035 0.026-0.054 0.042 0.031-0.082 0.13 0.07-0.22
Negative electron element (㎎/liter) 28 – 37 – 40 – 108 –
Phosphorus (g/liter) 0.141 0.068-0.268 0.198 0.097-0.317 0.157 0.085-0.251 0.91 0.56-1.12
Sulfur (g/liter) 0.14 0.05-0.30 0.20 0.15-0.23 0.23 0.20-0.26 0.30 0.24-0.36
Chlorine (g/liter) 0.375 0.088-0.734 0.457 0.305-0.721 0.586 0.435-1.01 1.08 0.93-1.41
Hyperpositive element (㎎/liter) 13 – 18 – 28 – 41 –
Very small substances
Cobalt (㎎/liter) 극소 – – – – – 0.6 –
Iron (㎎/liter) 0.50 0.20-0.80 0.59 0.29-1.45 1.0 – 0.45 0.25-0.75
Zinc (㎎/liter) 0.51 – 1.04 – 1.34 – 0.102 –
Manganese (㎎/liter) 극소 – 극소 – 극소 – 0.02 0.005-0.0067
Zinc (㎎/liter) 1.18 0.17-3.02 3.82 0.39-5.88 5.59 0.72-9.81 3.9 1.7-6.6
Fluorine (㎎/liter) 0.107 0.0-0.24 – – 0.131 0.0-0.35 – 0.10-0.28
IODINE (㎎/liter) 0.061 0.044-0.093 – – – 0.045-0.450 0.116 0.036-1.05
Selenium (㎎/liter) 0.021 – – – – – 0.04 0.005-0.067
Protein (g/liter)
Totaㅣ 10.6 7.3-20 15.9 12.7-18.9 22.9 14.6-68.0 32.46 28.16-36.76

Sources and references:  Nelson textbook, 15 Edition p.121,

Pediatric nutrition handbook, American Academy of pediatric, p.354

OTHERS

Breast milk,

colostrum milk

 

 

 

 Breast milk Cow’s milk
Mature Breast milk Secreted from the 15th to 15 months after delivery Transitional breast milk Secreted for 6 to 10 days after delivery Colostrum Secreted during the first 5 days after delivery
ingredient Average test range Average test range Average test range Average test range
carbohydrate
Lactose
Direct estimate (g/liter) 71 49-95 64 61-67 57 11-79 47 49-50
Difference 68 50-92 64 60-68 – – – –
Fructose (g/liter) 1.3 – – – – – – –
Glucosamine (g/liter) – 0.7-0.8 – – – 1.4-4.3 0 –
Galactosamine (g/liter) – 0.0-0.4 – – – 0.04-0.7 0 –
 Inositol (g/liter) 0.45 0.39-0.56

–

 – – – 0.08 0.06-0.12
The citric acid (g/liter) – 0.35-1.25 – – – – 2.54 2.15-2.9
Fat, TOTAL  (g/liter) 45.4 13.4-82.9 35.2 27.3-51.8 29.5 24.7-31.8 38.0 34.0-61.0
Cholesterol (㎎/liter) 139 88-202 241 126-320 280 180-345 110 70-170
Free cholesterol  (총양의 %) 76.1 – 76.5 – 79.5 – – 90-95
Phosphorus lipid (㎎/liter) 10.5 7-14 15.5 11-20 12 6-17 – 53-70
vitamin
Vitamin A (㎎/liter) 0.61 0.15-2.26 0.88 0.58-1.83 1.61 0.75-3.05 0.27 0.17-0.38
Catotine (㎎/liter) 0.25 0.02-0.77 0.38 0.23-0.63 1.37 0.41-3.85 0.37 0.12-0.79
Vitamin D (IU/liter) – 4-100 – – – – – 5.40
Tocophero (㎎/liter) 2.4 1.0-4.8 8.9 4.0-18.5 14.8 2.8-30.0 0.6 0.2-1.0
TtHIAMIN (㎎/liter) 0.142 0.081-0.227 0.059 0.023-0.105 0.019 0.009-0.034 0.43 0.28-0.900
Riboflavin (㎎/liter) 0.373 0.198-0.790 0.369 0.275-0.490 0.302 0.120-0.453 1.56 1.16-2.02
Vitamin B6 (㎎/liter) 0.18 0.10-0.22 – – – – 0.51 0.40-0.63
Nicotinic acid (㎎/liter) 1.83 0.66-3.30 1.75 0.60-3.60 0.75 0.50-14.5 0.74 0.50-0.86
Vitamin B₁₂ (㎍/liter) – 극소량 0.36 0.03-0.70 0.45 0.10-1.5 6.6 3.2-12.4
Folic acid (IU/liter)
(a) 1.4 0.9-1.8 0.2 0.15-0.25 0.5 0.10-1.5 1.3 0.2-4.0
(b) 24.0 7.4-61.0 – – – – 37.7 16.8-63.2
(c) 7.3 2.3-17.6 – – – – 12.6 2.8-43.6
Biotin (IU/liter) 2 1-3 – – – – 22 14-29
Pantone

nic acid

 2.46 0.86-5.84 2.88 1.35-4.12 1.83 0.29-3.02 3.4 2.2-5.5
Vitamin C 52 0-112 71 45-90 72 47-104 11 3-23

Source: From George DR, De Francesca BA.Human milk in comparison to cow milk.in: Lebenthal E, ed. Textbook of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Infancy and Childhood. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1989:242-243
Breast milk,

colostrum milk

 

 

ingredient

 Breast milk Cow’s milk
Mature Breast milk Secreted from the 15th to 15 months after delivery Transitional breast milk Secreted for 6 to 10 days after delivery Colostrum Secreted during the first 5 days after delivery
Average test range Average test range Average test range Average test range
Tryptophan 3.7 1.4-6.8 5.1 4.2-5.9 21 7.3-52 24.9 21.9-28.0
Whey protein 7 4-10 – – – – 7 6-10
Milk albumin 3.6 1.4-6.0 7.8 6.9-8.6 – – 2.4 1.4-3.3
Milk globulin – – 5.0 2.1-13.6 35 4.2-133 1.7 0.7-3.7
Serum albumin 0.32 0.20-0.47 0.37 0.26-0.65 2.5 – 0.4 –
Serum immunoglobulin

in

 0.09 0.02-0.27 0.36 0.01-0.96 1.0 – 0.8 –
Amino acid

 

(g/liter)
Total 12.8 9.0-16.0 9.4 6.0-10.0 12.0 7.0-40.0 33.0 27.0-41.0
Alanine – 0.36-0.42 – – – – 0.75 –
Arginine 0.43 0.28-0.64 0.63 0.48-0.73 0.74 0.62-0.96 1.4 1.2-1.6
 Aspartic acid – 0.89-0.98 – – – – 1.7 –
Cystine – 0.23-0.25 – – – – – –
Glutamic acid – 1.89-2.00 – – – – 6.8 –
Glycine – 0.23-0.24 – – – – 0.11 –
Histidine 0.24 0.12-0.30 0.38 0.29-0.45 0.41 0.35-0.46 1.2 1.1-1.3
Isoleucine 0.61 0.41-0.92 0.97 0.73-1.21 1.01 0.88-1.15 2.5 2.1-2.9
Leucine 0.97 0.65-1.47 1.51 1.13-1.97 1.66 1.33-2.14 3.6 3.2-3.9
Lysine 0.70 0.36-0.93 1.13 0.88-1.48 1.18 0.95-1.41 2.6 2.3-3.1
Meth

isonine

 1.12 0.07-0.16 0.24 0.16-0.34 0.25 0.19-0.36 0.8 0.6-0.9
Phenylalanine 0.40 0.24-0.58 0.62 0.48-0.71 0.70 0.60-0.84 1.8 1.5-2.2
Proline – 0.84-0.94 – – – – 2.5 –
Serine – 0.47-0.51 – – – – 1.6 –
Trionine 0.52 0.30-0.66 0.78 0.61-0.91 0.85 0.75-1.04 1.7 1.3-2.2
Trimtopha 0.19 0.14-0.26 0.28 0.23-0.32 0.32 0.25-0.42 0.6 0.4-0.8
Trionine – 0.46-0.52 – – – – – –
Valine 0.73 0.45-1.14 1.05 0.77-1.36 1.17 0.98-1.49 2.6 2.4-2.8
Non-protein urea (mg/liter)
Total 324 173-604 479 425-533 910 510-1270 252 181-323
Urea-N 180 127-235 111 – – – 132.7 61.3-204
Uric acid-N 22 13-41 – – – – 24.1 11.3-36.9
Creatinine-N 11 8-19 – – – – 7.05 1.9-12.2
Creatine-N 11 2-41 – – – – 40.35 24.5-56.2
Amino acid-N 50 28-113 44 – – 40-120 6.8 1.7-11.9
Choline-N 10.3 6.2-16.8 – – – – 12 5-19
The enzyme (mg/liter)
Raizojam 390 30-3000 – – 460 90-1020 0.13 0.00-2.6

Source:: From George DR, De Francesca BA.Human milk in comparison to cow milk.in: Lebenthal E, ed. Textbook of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Infancy and Childhood. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1989:242-243


When invaded by various pathogens or antigens, breast milk contains leukocytes, giant cells, antibodies, etc. that fight the pathogens or antigens to prevent infectious diseases or allergic diseases.

Composition of breast milk, cow’s milk, goat’s milk, infant formula

참조 문헌 및 출처

  • NelsonTextbook of Pediatrics 22ND Ed
  • The Harriet Lane Handbook 22ND Ed
  • Growth and development of the children
  • Red Book 32nd Ed 2021-2024
  • www.drleepediatrics.com제7권 소아청소년 감염병
  • www.drleepediatrics.com제8권 소아청소년 호흡기 질환
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  • www.drleepediatrics.com제19권. 소아청소년  안과 (눈)질환
  • www.drleepediatrics.com 제20권 소아청소년 이 (치아)질환
  • www.drleepediatrics.com 제21권 소아청소년 가정 학교 간호
  • www.drleepediatrics.com 제22권 아들 딸 이렇게 사랑해 키우세요
  • www.drleepediatrics.com 제23권 사춘기 아이들의 성장 발육 질병
  • www.drleepediatrics.com 제24권 소아청소년 성교육
  • www.drleepediatrics.com 제25권 임신, 분만, 출산, 신생아 돌보기
  • Red book 29th-31st edition 2021
  • Nelson Text Book of Pediatrics 19th- 21st Edition
  • The Johns Hopkins Hospital, The Harriet Lane Handbook, 22nd edition
  • 응급환자관리 정담미디어
  • 소아가정간호백과–부모도 반의사가 되어야 한다, 이상원
  • Neonatal Resuscitation American heart Association
  • Neonatology Jeffrey J.Pomerance, C. Joan Richardson
  • Pediatric Resuscitation Pediatric Clinics of North America, Stephen M. Schexnayder, M.D.
  • Pediatric Critical Care, Pediatric Clinics of North America, James P. Orlowski, M.D.
  • Preparation for Birth. Beverly Savage and Dianna Smith
  • Infectious disease of children, Saul Krugman, Samuel L Katz, Ann A. Gershon, Catherine Wilfert
  • Pediatric Nutritional Handbook American Academy of Pediatrics
  • 소아가정간호백과–부모도 반의사가 되어야 한다, 이상원
  • The pregnancy Bible. By Joan stone, MD. Keith Eddleman, MD
  • Neonatology Jeffrey J. Pomerance, C. Joan Richardson
  • Preparation for Birth. Beverly Savage and Dianna Smith
  • 임신에서 신생아 돌보기까지. 이상원
  • Breastfeeding by Ruth Lawrence and Robert Lawrence
  • Infectious disease of children, Saul Krugman, Samuel L Katz, Ann A. Gershon, Catherine Wilfert
  • The Harriet Lane Handbook 19th Edition
  • 제4권 모유, 모유수유, 이유 참조문헌 및 출처
  • 제5권 인공영양, 우유, 이유, 비타민, 단백질, 지방 탄수 화물 참조문헌 및 출처
  • 제6권 신생아 성장발육 양호 질병 참조문헌 및 출처
  • 소아과학 대한교과서
  • 그 외

Copyright ⓒ 2015 John Sangwon Lee, MD,, FAAP

미국 소아과 전문의, 한국 소아청소년과 전문의 이상원 저 “부모도 반의사가 되어야 한다”-내용은 여러분들의 의사로부터 얻은 정보와 진료를 대신할 수 없습니다.

“The information contained in this publication should not be used as a substitute for the medical care and advice of your doctor. There may be variations in treatment that your doctor may recommend based on individual facts and circumstances. “Parental education is the best medicine.”